Movie 3

Smoke visualization video of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) over the tho-rax. Smoke plane is aligned with the center of the flower and playback is at 30 fps (recorded at 125 fps). Although the wings are interacting with vortices shed off of the flower, the LEV remains bound to the wing throughout the downstroke and is best seen during mid-downstroke. Global level and contrast adjustments were performed in iMovie to better visualize the smoke lines.