Movie 1.
Tail beating patterns of unsegmented and segmented larvae. An unsegmented whole larva swims by means of reciprocal tail beatings. An anterior fragment segmented at 13.4% expresses alternating tail beats (MI = 4), whereas the posterior fragment of the complementary pair expresses irregular (non-reciprocal) movements. Another anterior fragment segmented at −3.1% generates well-patterned movements.
The trunk–tail junctional region in Ciona larvae autonomously expresses tail-beating bursts at ∼20 second intervals
Journal of Experimental Biology 2022. 225:None-None; doi: 10.1242/jeb.243828