Movie 3.
Periodic tail-beating bursts of mid-piece fragments of Ciona larvae. This movie shows two examples of mid-piece fragments; examples 1 and 2 both generate tail-beating bursts with cycle periods of ∼19 s and ∼21 s, respectively. Flick-like movements are not considered. An indicator of elapsed time from the start of bursts is shown at the lower right part of the panel.
The trunk–tail junctional region in Ciona larvae autonomously expresses tail-beating bursts at ∼20 second intervals
Journal of Experimental Biology 2022. 225:None-None; doi: 10.1242/jeb.243828