Movie 1.

Membrane compression of a neuron at the soma using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This 2-second video clip corresponds to Figure 4C and shows a horizontal cell neuron (upper center of screen) dissociated from the retina of goldfish. The membrane of the cell was deformed by briefly applying 1 nN of force using an AFM cantilever (left). See Materials and Methods for further details. These experiments were used to determine the Young's modulus, a measure of membrane stiffness.

Seasonal changes in membrane structure and excitability in retinal neurons of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under constant environmental conditions

Michael W. Country, Kristina Haase, Katrin Blank, Carlos R. Canez, Joshua A. Roberts, Benjamin F. N. Campbell, Jeffrey C. Smith, Andrew E. Pelling, and Michael G. Jonz

Journal of Experimental Biology 2022. 225:None-None; doi: 10.1242/jeb.244238