Movie 1.

Membrane compression of a neuron at the soma using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This 2-second video clip corresponds to Figure 4C and shows a horizontal cell neuron (upper center of screen) dissociated from the retina of goldfish. The membrane of the cell was deformed by briefly applying 1 nN of force using an AFM cantilever (left). See Materials and Methods for further details. These experiments were used to determine the Young's modulus, a measure of membrane stiffness.