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Movie 3.

Pre-incubation with 100 μM PPADS for 20 min and application of 100 μM ATP. Sponges do not respond to ATP stimulation.

ATP and glutamate coordinate contractions in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri

Vanessa R. Ho, Greg G. Goss, and Sally P. Leys

Journal of Experimental Biology 2025. 228:None-None; doi: 10.1242/jeb.248010